Mary Blandy – patricide 1752.

Mary Blandy was 31 when she was hanged in 1752 for the murder of her father by poisoning. She was unusual in the annals of female criminals of the time - she was middle class and well educated. Her father, Francis Blandy, was a prosperous lawyer and the Town Clerk of Henley on Thames in Oxfordshire at the time of his murder. So Mary lived a comfortable lifestyle at the family home in Hart Street.
Francis had unwisely advertised a dowry of £10,000 - a huge sum for those days, for the man who married Mary. This attracted plenty of suitors, all of whom being promptly rejected except one, the Honourable Captain William Henry Cranstoun, who was initially acceptable. Cranstoun was the son of a Scottish nobleman and therefore seen as a suitable match for Mary. By all accounts he was not a physically attractive person but seems to have been able to take Mary in completely. All went well to begin with but then problems arose when it was discovered that Cranstoun was in fact still married, having wed one Anne Murray in 1744 in Scotland, although he had been living in the Blandy household for a year. Mary's father became very unhappy about Cranstoun and began to see him for what he was. To get over Francis' hostility, Cranstoun persuaded Mary to give her father powders which he described as an ancient "love philtre" and which he assured her would make Francis like him.

He knew what the powders contained but presumably didn't mind letting his girlfriend murder her father to get the £10,000 dowry. Ironically Francis Blandy's estate came only to around £4,000. Under the law at the time, this would have automatically passed to him if they married.

Mary seemed to be totally taken in by Cranstoun and administered these powders, which were in fact arsenic, in her father's tea and gruel. He became progressively more ill. The servants had also become ill from eating some of the left over food although they all recovered. None of this seemed to register with Mary - that the powders might be the cause of the problem.
When her father was seriously ill and obviously near death, Mary sent for the local doctor who advised her that she could be held responsible for poisoning him so she quickly burned Cranstoun's love letters and disposed of the remaining powders. Susan(nah) Gunnell, the housemaid, had the presence of mind to rescue some of the powder from the fire when Mary tried to destroy the evidence and take it to a chemist for analysis who found that it was arsenic. Arsenic is a cumulative poison and only kills when the levels have built up in the body.

Francis realised he was dying and asked to see Mary, telling her that he suspected he was being poisoned by her. She begged for his forgiveness, which he indeed gave her, despite the fact that she did not admit her crime to him. He finally succumbed to the poison on Wednesday the 14th of August 1751. After her father’s death, Mary was kept for some time under house arrest in her room, under the care of Edward Herne, parish clerk of Henley. However, she was able to get out on one occasion and went for a walk around Henley. The local people of Henley were hostile to her and chased her across the bridge over the Thames, into Berkshire, where she took refuge with a friend, Mrs. Davis, the landlady of the Little Angel Inn at Remenham near Henley. In spite of this popular suspicion, it was some time before Mary was arrested however. As soon as he got wind of her likely arrest, Cranstoun deserted her and is thought to have escaped abroad and died penniless in France in late 1752. An inquest was held which found that Francis Blandy was poisoned and accused Mary of administering it. On Friday the 16th of August, the coroner issued a warrant for the arrest of Mary and for her committal to the county gaol of Oxford. You will see from the picture above that Mary was made to wear leg irons whilst awaiting trial as there was some concern that she would try and escape.

Trial.
She came to trial at Oxford Assizes on the 3rd of March 1752, before The Honourable Heneage Legge, Esq., and Sir Sydney Stafford Smythe in the hall of the Divinity School (The normal venue, the Town Hall, was being refurbished at the time). The trial was of particular interest because it was the first time detailed medical evidence had been presented in court on a charge of murder by poisoning. Although Dr. Anthony Addington had not been able to chemically analyse Francis Blandy's organs for traces of arsenic as the technology didn't exist at the time, he was able to convince the court on the basis of observed comparison that the powder Mary had put in her father was indeed arsenic.
She defended herself with the help of three counsel, with what has been described as "intelligence and zeal" although her case was hopeless. She made an impassioned speech for her own defence in which she totally denied administering poison but did admit that she had put a powder into her father's food - she claimed "which had been given me with another intent." The servants gave evidence against her - telling the court that they had seen her administering the powders to her father's food and drink and trying to destroy the evidence.
Not surprisingly at the end of the one day 13 hour trial, the jury swiftly convicted her of murder and she received the mandatory death sentence. She was then returned to Oxford Castle where it is reported that the keeper's family were all very upset by her conviction. Mary allegedly told them "Don't mind it," "What does it signify? I am very hungry; pray, let me have something for supper as speedily as possible." They gave her mutton chops and apple pie. She got on well, apparently, with her jailers and was well treated by them.
She was allowed nearly 6 weeks between sentence and execution and appeared completely unmoved by her situation. The trial judge would have sent his recommendation to the Secretary of State, and this would have been considered by the King and Privy Council at a “Hanging Cabinet.” Few murderers were reprieved, although it was not entirely unknown. Poisoners stood even less chance.
In June 1752, the Murder Act of 1751 came into force. It stipulated that all persons convicted of murder were to be fed only on bread and water and hanged within two days of sentence and that their body be dissected afterwards. Fortunately for Mary, she missed this new law and was able to be buried in a proper grave.
Mary was the main news story in the early part of 1752 and there were endless stories about her in the press. She also wrote a great deal in the condemned cell including "Miss Mary Blandy's Own Account of the Affair between her and Mr. Cranstoun" which was described by Hoarce Bleakley as the "most famous apologia in criminal literature." She corresponded with various people, including another woman under sentence of death, Elizabeth Jeffries (who was convicted, with her lover John Swan, and hanged at Epping Forest in Essex on the 28th of March 1752 for the murder of her master and his uncle).
A middle class lady who visited Mary in prison was shocked to find that Mary was sympathetic to this woman who she regarded as a common criminal who deserved her fate. Mary was recorded as saying of her "I can't bear these over virtuous women. I believe that if ever the devil picks a bone it is one of theirs."

Execution.
There seems to be some difference of opinion as to the place of execution. According to some accounts, she was executed in the Castle Yard at Oxford (a large open space) and in other accounts the gallows was set up on a raised mound at the Westgate. Both are quite possible.
She was hanged on Monday the 6th of April 1752 from a gallows consisting of a wooden beam placed between two trees. (see below). For her execution, she chose “a black crape sack, with her arms and hands ty'd with black paduasoy ribbons.” She behaved with bravery and penitence to the end and was attended by the Reverend Swinton. She suffered in front of a relatively small crowd to whom she protested her innocence before she was turned off.
Her last request to the officials was "for the sake of decency, gentlemen, don't hang me high." She was naturally modest and concerned that the young men in the crowd would look up her skirts if she was too high.
She was then made to climb a ladder draped in black cloth, whilst the hangman climbed a ladder beside her. Mary was noosed and her hands were tied in front to allow her to hold her prayer book. She covered her face with a large handkerchief. Her legs were not tied together.
It had been agreed that when she had finished her prayers, she would drop the book as signal to the hangman to turn the ladder over and "turn her off" as the saying went. She passed into unconsciousness very quickly and, as reported, "died without a struggle" - presumably due to vagal or carotid reflex. She was taken down after half an hour but there was no coffin for her so she had to be carried back to the castle by six men. It is said that a blackbird perched on the beam during the hanging, and that no blackbird has ever sung there since.
She was buried in the early hours of the Tuesday morning in the chancel of Henley Parish Church, between the graves of her father and mother. The church has since been restored and there is now no trace of her grave. Her ghost is said to haunt the Westgate and the Little Angel Inn.

A woodcut of Mary’s execution.

Comment.
So what do we conclude from this sad case which has remained famous for almost 250 years? Mary was notably brave in the way she faced her death. She knew she would die in public and would have expected that death by hanging would be slow and painful even though in the event it seemed not to be. Her last words ("for the sake of decency, gentlemen, don't hang me high") became instantly famous although they hardly seem those of someone who is terrified as to what lays ahead - rather more those of someone concerned with preserving her modesty than with her imminent death.

She admitted her guilt, at least to herself and probably felt that death was a proportional punishment for her crime. At that time, hanging was the punishment for many crimes - all far less serious than hers - so there was no expectation of a reprieve to a sentence of transportation.
She was completely alone in the world, she was an only child, her parents were dead (her mother by natural causes) and abandoned by her lover.
Mary must have been totally devastated at the knowledge that the man who she thought loved her had duped her into murdering her own father and then immediately abandoned her to save his skin while allowing her to take the punishment.

But how could an educated and mature woman be so taken in? Sadly she was by no means the first, nor will she be the last to murder for love. She must surely have had her suspicions when everyone who ate the food to which she had added the powders became violently ill and yet she brushed these aside in the hope that Cranstoun would marry her.

By the standards of justice prevailing in 1752, Mary had a fair trial and a fair sentence. Ironically, modern forensic science would have simply made it easier to convict her. The only doubt as to her guilt is that of her intention - she loved her father and I feel sure she neither meant nor wanted to kill him but rather wanted to believe what Cranstoun had told her even though she had clear evidence that it was wrong. At one time, arsenic was used as a tonic and this may account for why her father seemed actually better the first time she gave it to him.

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