Executions at Tyburn 1705–1714

With special thanks to Mr. Dave Mossop for allowing me to publish the results of his years of painstaking research thus enabling this unique insight into 18th century crime and punishment. If you would like more detail on some of these cases or wish to view the trial transcripts, have a look at the Old Bailey on-line website at http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/

446 death sentences were passed during the decade, on 280 men, 112 women and 54 people whose details were not recorded.  Of these 142 men, 36 women and possibly 3 other people were duly hanged at Tyburn and 1 woman burned at the stake. At least 2 of the men were quartered after hanging.  Overall reprieve rate: 59.87 %. Male reprieves: 49.29%.  Female reprieves: 66.97%.  Reprieve rates are based upon executions at Tyburn only.  6 men and 1 woman were hanged in other locations and 1 woman burned at West Smithfield.

Where women pleaded pregnancy, which a very large number did, they were examined by a panel of matrons and if found to be “quick with child,” they were respited until after they had given birth.  If not “quick,” they could be hanged.  Most of those respited were reprieved although you will see cases, e.g. Deborah Churchill, where they were called to former judgement and subsequently executed.

1705

There were a minimum of 9 men (see December below) and 7 women executed at Tyburn, plus a woman at West Smithfield.  The fate of 14 other condemned persons is not known.

22 men, 10 women and 8 persons, whose sex was not recorded, were sentenced to death at the Old Bailey during this year.

The Sessions held on the 15th of January resulted in 4 men and 2 women being sentenced to death of whom 2 men were reprieved and the 2 women found to be “quick with child.”

Date of executionNameCrime
Wednesday 7th FebruaryJoseph JohnsonHighway robbery
John NortonStealing in a shop

The 28th of February Sessions resulted in 7 men and 1 woman being sentenced to death, of whom at least 2 men and the woman were hanged.

Date of executionNameCrime
 Friday 9th MarchEdward FullerMurder
William PullmamHighway robbery
Elizabeth HarmanNot known

2 men and 4 women were sentenced to death at the 18th of April Sessions.  Both men and 1 woman were subsequently reprieved.  Cecelia Labree was burnt at West Smithfield for H/T Coining on Wednesday, the 2nd of May.

Date of executionNameCrime
Friday 4th MayMargaret GreenBurglary
Jane DyerTheft

Only 1 person was condemned at the Sessions that opened on the 23rd of May.  There is no confirmed record of an execution for this person but see below.

Date of executionNameCrime
Friday 1st JuneUnnamed femaleNot known
Unnamed femaleNot known

It is possible that these 2 women had been called to former judgement or that 1 of them was the person sentenced in May.

The Sessions on the 4th of July resulted in no death sentences.

The next Sessions began on the 29th of August and resulted in 8 men (including one boy) and 3 women being sentenced to death.  4 of the men and 2 of the women were hanged.

Date of executionNameCrime
  Wednesday 19th SeptemberJohn MeadowsMurder
James KingHorse theft
Richard LewisHighway robbery
Eleanor JacksonHousebreaking
Anne GardinerHousebreaking
Date of executionNameCrime
Friday 21st SeptemberEdward JeffriesMurder

The 10th of October Sessions resulted in 2 death sentences with no further details available.

The December Sessions opened on the 5th resulted in 6 death sentences of whom only 1 man is confirmed as hanged.  A reprieve arrived after he had been suspended for 18 minutes and he was cut down and survived.  He was reprieved and was able to record his feelings.  His execution is included in the totals.

Date of executionNameCrime
Wednesday 12th DecemberJohn SmithHousebreaking

1706

There were a minimum of 9 men executed at Tyburn, plus a man at Turnham Green.  The fate of 21 other condemned is not clear. 2 men received pardons.

14 men, 12 women and 9 persons, whose sex was not recorded, were sentenced to death at the Old Bailey during this year.

The first Sessions of 1706 were held on the 16th of January and resulted in 1 woman receiving the death sentence. There is no record of her execution.

The next Sessions opened on the 20th of February and resulted in 4 female death sentences. A conditional pardon was granted to 21 women on the 6th of March 1706.  3 of these go back to women sentenced in 1704 and the remainder were sentenced in 1705 and early 1706.

3 people were condemned at the April 3rd Sessions – their fate is not known.

The 8th of May Sessions resulted in 2 men and 3 women receiving death sentences. 2 of the women were found to be “quick with child” and 1 man and the other woman were reprieved.

Date of executionNameCrime
Wednesday 15th MayThomas BettsHousebreaking

6 male death sentences were passed at the Sessions on the 3rd of July with 2 recorded executions.

Date of executionNameCrime
Friday 19th JulyJohn WillisMurder
Benjamin ArnoldHousebreaking

The August Sessions on the 28th saw recorded 2 death sentences.  It is not known what happened to these people.

2 men and 4 women were sentenced to death at the October Sessions on the 16th of that month, with the 4 women and 1 man reprieved.  Roger Lowen was hanged at Turnham Green, presumably near the crime scene, on Friday, the 25th of October.

8 men were condemned at the 4th of December Sessions with 2 men being reprieved. 

Date of executionNameCrime
Friday 13th DecemberRichard MorrisHousebreaking
Thomas ArnoldHousebreaking
Arthur ChambersNot known
William BentleyNot known
William DabellNot known
James GardinerHousebreaking

1707

18 men, 1 woman and 5 of unknown gender were sentenced to death during this year. 12 men, 1 woman and possibly 3 other people were hanged at Tyburn this year.  2 men were hanged at other locations and 1 man received a pardon.  The fate of 4 others is unknown.

Only 1 man was condemned at the January Sessions on the 15th.

Date of executionNameCrime
Friday 24th JanuaryJames CoatesHighway robbery

5 people were sentenced to death at the 26th of February Sessions, 4 for housebreaking.  There is no record of any executions.

The newspaper the “Post Boy” records 3 executions on Wednesday, the 5th of March but gives no details.

2 men and a woman were sentenced to death at the 23rd of April Sessions and all were hanged.

Date of executionNameCrime
 Friday 2nd MayJohn Goodwin (Plug/Gooding)Burglary
Thomas DicksonBurglary
Alice GrayAiding rape

1 man was condemned at the 28th of May Sessions and he was hanged.

Date of executionNameCrime
Friday 6th JuneJames HackettBurglary

1 man was condemned at the 9th of July Sessions and he was reportedly hanged.

Date of executionNameCrime
Friday 18th JulyJohn WittinghamNot known

2 men were sentenced to death at the 3rd of September Sessions and both hanged.  William Elby (Dunn) was hanged for murder on Saturday, the 13th of September at Fulham and afterwards hanged in chains.

Date of executionNameCrime
Friday 12th SeptemberCharles MoreHousebreaking

2 men were condemned at the October Sessions on the 15th of that month of whom 1 was executed. John Herman Brown was hanged for arson in St. James’ Street and afterwards hanged in chains at Acton on Friday, the 24th of October.

The Sessions held on the 10th of December resulted in 9 men receiving death sentences. 1 man was reprieved and another respited on the way to Tyburn.

Date of executionNameCrime
  Wednesday 17th DecemberJohn HallBurglary
Richard LowBurglary
Stephen BunchBurglary
William DavisHousebreaking
Joseph Montisano (Day)Housebreaking
William KiteRape of 7 year old

1708

16 men and 11 women and two other persons were sentenced to death during this year. 1 man was called to “former judgement” from a previous year and 1 man received a special verdict.  8 men and 4 woman were hanged at Tyburn. 1 man and 1 woman received pardons.  The fate of 16 others is unknown.

The first Sessions of the year were held on the 15th of January resulting in 3 men and 1 woman being condemned plus John Reid who was called to “former judgement.” The woman and 3 of the men were reprieved.

Date of executionNameCrime
Wednesday 28th JanuaryAlexander CarrolMurder
John ReidHorse theft

1 man and 3 women were sentenced to death at the February Sessions on the 25th with 2 women being later reprieved as 1 was found to be “quick with child” and the other because she was “very aged.”  Deborah Churchill, who had been found quick, was subsequently hanged in December.

DateNameCrime
Wednesday 3rd March Thomas EllisHousebreaking
Anne SimmonsPrivately stealing from person

The April Sessions opened on the 14th with 1 man receiving the death sentence and one man being called to former judgement.  Both were hanged, alongside John Mawgridge who had received a special verdict in 1706.  He had been convicted of murder but this was in effect appealed to the Queen’s Bench.  They affirmed the conviction but Mawgridge escaped abroad and was later recaptured in Ghent in January 1708.

DateNameCrime
 Wednesday 28th April David BaylyMurder (brother)
William GreggHigh Treason
John MawgridgeMurder

There were no death sentences at the 20th of May Sessions.

2 men were sentenced to death at the 7th of July Sessions with both being reprieved.

3 people were condemned at the September Sessions which opened on the 8th,  1 of them being subsequently hanged.

DateNameCrime
Friday 24th SeptemberJohn CraftsBurglary

3 men and 3 women were condemned at the 13th of October Sessions of whom 2 men and 1 woman were reprieved. 

DateNameCrime
 Wednesday 27th OctoberJohn BarnesMurder
Mary EllenerMurder bastard
Aggitha AshbrookMurder bastard

The final Sessions of 1708 took place on the 8th of December with 5 men and 4 women being sentenced to die, of whom all were reprieved, 3 women pleaded pregnancy. Deborah Churchill was called to former judgement from February and was subsequently hanged.

DateNameCrime
Friday 17th DecemberDeborah ChurchillAccessory to murder

1709

21 men, 4 women and 12 other persons were sentenced to death during this year. 1 man was called to “former judgement.”  4 men and 4 others received pardons. 12 men and 2 women were hanged at Tyburn.  The fate of 16 others is unknown.

1 man received the death sentence at 17th of January Sessions which was later commuted.  Another man was called to former judgement.

5 men and 2 women were condemned at the March Sessions on the 2nd of that month of whom just 1 man is confirmed as hanged.

DateNameCrime
Wednesday 23rd MarchGeorge SkelthorpHighway robbery

2 men and 2 others were condemned at the 4th of May Sessions with the 2 others being reprieved. 

DateNameCrime
Wednesday 18th MayRichard DoveH/T clipping coins
Mark HarrisHousebreaking

1 man and 2 others were condemned at the 8th of June Sessions with 1 man being subsequently hanged.

DateNameCrime
Friday 24th JuneRichard HughesHousebreaking

2 men and 2 others were sentenced to death at the July Sessions on the 20th.  2 men were subsequently hanged.

DateNameCrime
Wednesday 3rd AugustRichard JuiceUnknown
Thomas SollarsUnknown

The 7th of September Sessions resulted in 2 men, 2 women and 4 others being condemned. The 4 others were reprieved.

DateNameCrime
 Friday 16th SeptemberRichard NorthcoatHousebreaking
Josiah VanhuyseHousebreaking
Mary DayBurglary
Ann HarrisStealing in a dwelling house

The 12th of October Sessions resulted in death sentences on 2 unnamed persons.

8 men were condemned at the December Sessions that opened on the 7th, of whom 4 were reprieved.

DateNameCrime
 Friday 16th DecemberAaron JonesHousebreaking
Joseph Wells (Walls)Housebreaking
John LongHighway robbery
Thomas SmithBurglary

1710

14 men, 7 women and 12 other persons were sentenced to death during this year.  7 men and 5 women received pardons. 4 men and 2 women were hanged at Tyburn.  The fate of 15 others is unknown.

The January Sessions on the 13th of the month resulted in 2 men and 2 others receiving death sentences.  All were reprieved.

5 people were condemned at the 6th of March Sessions.  Only 1 woman is recorded as having been hanged.

DateNameCrime
Friday 17th MarchGrace TrippAccessory to murder

2 men were sentenced to death at the April Sessions on the 19th with both receiving pardons.

2 men and 2 others were condemned at the May Sessions on the 24th, of whom only 1 man was pardoned and the other died in prison.

2 men and 2 others were condemned at the 5th of July Sessions, of whom only 1 man was to hang. 

DateNameCrime
Wednesday 26th JulyThomas Macnammara (Mortimer)Highway robbery

2 men and 6 women were sentenced to death at the September Sessions on the 6th of that month.  1 man and 1 woman were hanged.

DateNameCrime
Friday 15th SeptemberCharles DeanBurglary
Mary (Jane) ForrestMurder bastard

2 people were condemned at the 11th of October Sessions, with no executions recorded.

4 men received death sentences at the 6th of December Sessions, with 2 men possibly being respited.

DateNameCrime
Friday 15th DecemberJohn Crudleigh (Thomas Curdley)Burglary
Henry NorrisBurglary

1711

26 men and 17 women were sentenced to death during this year.  5 men and 7 women received pardons. 13 men and 2 women were hanged at Tyburn.  1 woman was found to be “quick with child” and reprieved, the fate of 8 men and 7 women is unknown.

2 men and 2 women were condemned at the January Sessions on the 12th of that month with the at least 1 women being reprieved.

DateNameCrime
 Friday 26th JanuaryHenry WelchHousebreaking
Daniel CoatsHousebreaking
Unnamed womanUnknown

4 men and 1 woman were given death sentences at the 21st of February Sessions.  Only 1 man can be confirmed as hanged.

DateNameCrime
Friday 2nd MarchJohn AddisonHighway robbery

2 men and 2 women were sentenced to death at the 11th of April Sessions of whom 1 man the women were reprieved.

DateNameCrime
Saturday 21st AprilEdward PaineHousebreaking/burglary

3 men and a woman were condemned at the May Sessions on the 16th.  Only 1 man can be confirmed as hanged.

DateNameCrime
Friday 25th MayJosiah WilsonShoplifting

4 men and 2 women were sentenced to death at the 4th of July Sessions, with 2 men and 1 woman being reprieved. Peter Cartwright was called to former judgement.

DateNameCrime
Wednesday 18th July Margaret Lane (Holloway)Highway robbery
Peter CartwrightHighway robbery
DateNameCrime
Wednesday 8th AugustAndrew BaynesHighway robbery
DateNameCrime
Saturday 11th AugustJohn SuttonHighway robbery

The September Sessions resulted in 3 men and 3 women receiving the death sentence.  None of them were recorded as executed.

1 man and 2 women were condemned at the October Sessions on the 10th, the women being reprieved. Thomas Garret was called to former judgement.

DateNameCrime
Wednesday 24th OctoberWilliam MawHighway robbery, housebreaking & burglary
Thomas Garret (Jarrott)Burglary

7 men and 4 women received death sentences at the 7th of December Sessions. 2 men and 1 woman being subsequently hanged. 1 woman was called to former judgement.

DateNameCrime
 Friday 22nd December Thomas PritchetHighway robbery
John MatthewsPrivately stealing from person
Phebe WardMurder bastard

1712

22 men, 13 women and 3 other persons were sentenced to death during this year.  12 men, 1 woman and 3 others received pardons. 6 men and 6 women were hanged at Tyburn and 1 man and 1 woman in Newgate Street.  4 women were found to be quick with child and the fate of 5 other people is unknown.

1 man and 3 women were sentenced to death at the 11th January Sessions. 1 man and 1 woman were reprieved and 3 of the women found to be quick with child.

1 man received the death sentence at the 27th of February Sessions, being subsequently reprieved.

6 men and 1 woman were condemned at the 30th of April Sessions of whom 2 men were hanged.

DateNameCrime
Tuesday 27th MayThomas BrowningHousebreaking
Jeremiah ClarkStealing in a dwelling house

At least 1 woman was sentenced to hang at the 5th of June Sessions.  15 year old Elizabeth Mason was convicted of the murder of her mistress (which was Petty treason) but appears to have only to have been hanged and not burned.

DateNameCrime
Wednesday 18th JuneElizabeth MasonMurder

5 death sentences were passed at the 16th July Sessions, with 2 men and 2 women and 1 unknown person being condemned. There is only record of two subsequent executions.

DateNameCrime
Friday 1st AugustJoseph PhillipsMurder
Elizabeth ChiversMurder

2 men and 3 women were condemned at the 10th September Sessions and all were hanged.  Another person was called to former judgement but there is no record of execution. William Johnson (also Holloway) and his girlfriend, Jane Housden, were hanged at Newgate Street on Friday the 19th September.  She was convicted of aiding him in the killing.

DateNameCrime
 Friday 19th SeptemberJohn (Robert) ColebachHorse theft
Dorothy WaltonShoplifting
Mary GreenBurglary

3 men, 2 women and 1 other person were condemned at the 15th October Sessions of whom 3 men and the unknown person were reprieved. Elizabeth Price was called to former judgement having been condemned at the January Sessions but found to be quick with child.

DateNameCrime
Friday 31st OctoberEleanor Gravenor (Gladmore)Stealing in a shop
Elizabeth Price (Green)unknown

7 men and 2 women were condemned at the December Sessions on the 10th. 5 men were reprieved and the women found to be quick with child. 

DateNameCrime
Tuesday 23rd DecemberRichard TownBankrupt concealing effects
John CrabbBurglary

1713

51 men, 21 women and 2 other persons were sentenced to death during this year.  6 men, 4 woman and 3 others received pardons. 24 men and 7 women were hanged at Tyburn and 2 men at Clerkenwell Green.  3 women were found to be quick with child and the fate of 25 other people is unknown.

5 men and 1 woman were condemned at the January Sessions on the 16th of that month, of whom 1 man was reprieved.

DateNameCrime
  Saturday 31st JanuaryJacob AveryHighway robbery
John HartHousebreaking
Samuel Dealfe (Yealfe)Housebreaking
James PhippsHorse theft
Deborah HardcastleBurglary

3 men and 2 women were condemned at the February Sessions on the 25th of that month, with a man and a woman being later reprieved and another man called to former judgement.

DateNameCrime
Friday 13th MarchRichard AdamsHighway robbery
Susan Perry (Dewy)Highway robbery & murder

The next Sessions opened on Wednesday the 15th of April with 5 men being condemned with 1 reprieve.  One man was called to his former judgement but was reprieved.

DateNameCrime
 Wednesday 29th AprilRichard PassmoreHousebreaking
George SmithHousebreaking
Richard LawrenceHousebreaking
James Boyce (Boss)Housebreaking

3 men and a woman were condemned at the May Sessions on the 25th, although there is only name for 1 of these.  There were no reported executions.

7 men and 4 women were condemned at the 8th July Sessions. There are no confirmed reprieves or executions.

7 men and 4 women were sentenced to hang at the September Sessions on the 9th, with 5 men and 2 women being subsequently hanged. 

DateNameCrime
   Friday 25th SeptemberThomas TurnerHorse theft
William Gettings (Smith)Highway robbery
John Heath (James How)Horse theft
John JoynerHousebreaking
George HollinsbyHousebreaking
Sarah CliffordPrivately stealing from a person
Elizabeth (Jane) WellsTheft

4 men and 5 women were sentenced to death at the 14th of October Sessions.  2 men were hanged and 2 reprieved.  2 of the women were found to be quick with child and 3 reprieved.

DateNameCrime
Saturday 24th OctoberThomas LloydHorse theft
Thomas PickardHorse theft

19 men, 4 woman and 2 unknown persons received death sentences at the Sessions on the 14th of December, of whom 7 men, 1 woman and the 2 unknown persons were reprieved.  Richard Keefe (Keele) and William Lowther were hanged at Clerkenwell Green and afterwards in chains on Wednesday the 23rd of December, having been convicted of being accessories to murder.

DateNameCrime
    Wednesday 23rd DecemberJames GoswellUnknown
Thomas HudsonUnknown
James GamelionBurglary
Anthony MartinBurglary
Giles SpencerBurglary
Samuel HicksBurglary
James UrwinBurglary
Richard Lattyn (Latin/Lawin)Stealing in a shop
Sarah Budgen (Small/Jones/Evans)Theft
Arabella ThomasStealing in a shop
Mary Baker (Cook/Hobbs/Hanson)Bigamy

1714

76 men, 16 women and 1 other person were sentenced to death during this year.  18 men and 2 woman received pardons. 45 men and 6 women were hanged at Tyburn.  4 women were found to be quick with child and the fate of 18 other people is unknown.

9 men were sentenced to death at the 19th January Sessions of whom only 1 was reprieved.

DateNameCrime
   Friday 29th JanuaryJohn Bear (Davis)Privately stealing from person
Francis Collingsunknown
William WhitmoreHousebreaking
Francis GoslingAccessory to murder
Joseph BailyBurglary
Thomas BlankBurglary
Thomas JayBurglary

14 men and a woman received death sentences at the 24th of February Sessions, with 2 men being reprieved and the woman being found “quick”.

DateNameCrime
    Wednesday 10th March Thomas GreyHighway robbery
Edmond Eames (Aimes)Highway robbery
John Collis (Collison)Housebreaking
Charles WeymouthHighway robbery
Christopher DicksonHighway robbery
John GibsonHighway robbery
Alexander PetreStealing in a warehouse
Thomas RoomeHousebreaking
Samuel Denny (Appleby)Highway robbery
John WinteringhamStealing in a dwelling house
Christopher Poor (Moor)Burglary
Daniel HughesBurglary

7 men and 3 women were condemned  at the 7th of April Sessions of whom 4 men were reprieved and 1 woman found to be “quick”.

DateNameCrime
  Wednesday 21st April Anthony GeryPrivately stealing from a person
John RalphStealing in a dwelling house
John JohnsonStealing in a stable
Lydia (Elizabeth) CraneBurglary
Elizabeth BoyleStealing in a dwelling house

7 men and 2 women received death sentences at the 13th of May Sessions, with 4 men and 1 woman being reprieved and the other woman being found to be “quick”.

DateNameCrime
 Friday 28th May Roderick AwdryStealing in a dwelling house
William WhiteStealing in a dwelling house
Andrew HarperHighway robbery

Roderick Awdry was the 1st of 3 brothers executed in the year to May 1715.

15 men and 4 women were sentenced to hang at the 30th of June to 5th of July Sessions. 7 men and 1 woman were reprieved. 2 women pleaded pregnancy but were not found to be “quick with child”.

DateNameCrime
    Friday 16th July James Powell (Ashwood/Bowen)Burglary
Charles Goodale (Goodall)Burglary
William DyerHousebreaking
Robert Cook (Hedgley)Burglary
Thomas DavisBurglary
Robert Porter (Potter/Sandley)Housebreaking
Thomas PerkinsHighway robbery
George HornHighway robbery
Margaret StevensonShop lifting
Ann EdwardsBurglary
Mary Billingsbury (Brown)Highway robbery

8 men and 2 women were condemned at the 8th of September Sessions of whom the fate of 2 men is unknown and 1 woman was found to be “quick”.  Joyce Hodgkis was burned at the stake. John Neal and John Hull were sentenced to be hanged drawn and quartered.

DateNameCrime
  Wednesday 22nd SeptemberJohn Neal (Cobb)H/T coining
John Hull (Barker)H/T coining
Thomas TrevorBurglary
Henry PlunkettMurder
Peter Latoure (Letune/Leinne)Housebreaking
Thomas TinsleyHorse theft
Joyce HodgkisP/T Murder of husband

9 men and 4 women were condemned at the 13th October Sessions of whom only 1 man can be confirmed as hanged.

DateNameCrime
Wednesday 27th OctoberThomas DouglasMurder

8 men were condemned at the December Sessions on the 8thof whom 5 were hanged.

DateNameCrime
  Wednesday 22nd DecemberJohn Savil (Saville)Highway robbery
Robert FieldMurder
William Hoskins (Hopkins)Burglary
John AwdryBurglary
Richard StevensBurglary

Analysis by year.

YearMenWomenUnknown
 Sentenced to deathHangedSentenced to deathHangedBurntSentenced to deathExecuted
170522910708 
170614912009 
170718121105 
1708168114023?
1709211242012 
171014472012 
171126131720  
171222613603 
1713512421702 
1714764516511 
Totals28014211236154–

Analysis by crime.

Murder17
Murder bastard child4
P/T murder1
Highway robbery31
Housebreaking36
Burglary36
Horse theft9
Theft3
Stealing in a dwelling house9
Rape/sodomy2
H/T and H/T coining offences4
Arson0
Forgery0
Robbery in a dwelling house1
Privately stealing from a person4
Stealing in a shop/warehouse7
Other crimes15
Total executed179

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